CALIPSO monitors pulse of Soufriere Hills volcano

CALIPSO monitors pulse of Soufriere Hills volcano

Photos of the growing Soufriere Hills volcanolava dome. The top photo was taken May 31, 2003; the bottom photo was taken from the same location on August 12, 2003. Approximately 120,000 cubic meters of the dome collapsed in a 24 hour period.

San Francisco, Calif. -- A unique monitoring system in place on the island of Montserrat can record the everyday changes beneath the Soufriere Hills volcano and throughout the island, according to an international team of volcanologists.

The CALIPSO project (Caribbean Andesite Lava Island Precision Seismo-geodetic Observatory) is the first volcano monitoring system of its type installed at an andesitic volcano. Andesite volcanoes are the most important volcano type making up the Earth's Ring of Fire, and have caused more fatalities than any other type of volcano. Intended to improve the understanding of how these volcanos erupt, the system investigates the dynamics of the entire magma system below the island.

"We had the system working just in time for the largest lava dome collapse ever seen anywhere," says Barry Voight, professor of geosciences at Penn State. "Montserrat is the only place where such an array of monitoring tools, including strain meters, surround the volcano," he told attendees at the fall 2004 meeting of the American Geophysical Conference in San Francisco.

The CALIPSO system features four bore holes, each 600-foot deep and 4.5 inches in diameter through most of its depth. The width of the last 30 feet is a bit narrower to accommodate the equipment, which must be bonded to the surrounding rock. Each bore hole houses a super-sensitive strain meter, a seismometer and a tiltmeter and a geographic positioning system sits above on the ground surface.

"The ground is a 100-times quieter down there than at the surface," says Voight. "We can record smaller events and deeper events than would be possible on the noisy ground surface, and we can record measurements continuously all day long."

By comparing the measurements with a computer model of the volcano, the researchers can begin to understand what is happening beneath the surface. The active magma reservoir system may extend to a depth of 10 miles, with its top about 3.5 miles deep. The researchers hope they will be able to measure the position, size and shape of the existing magma reservoir, the quantity of new magma inflow and the physical characteristics of the magma. They also hope to learn more about the earthquake mechanics associated with the dynamic volcanic system.

The institutions involved in the CALIPSO project include Penn State, University of Arkansas, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Duke University, Bristol University (UK), Leeds University (UK), Arizona State University and the Montserrat Volcano Observatory.

Andesitic volcanoes occur throughout the world in such places as Japan, Indonesia, the Andes, the Aleutian Islands and the North American Cascades. They often form lava domes when active. These lava domes can fail, causing either lava block avalanches or violent explosive hurricanes of hot ash and gas that can travel many miles and destroy everything in their paths. These explosive releases cause the most damage to life and property.

The Soufriere Hills Volcano has erupted on and off since July 1995. The latest dome collapse occurred in 2003 and explosions occurred in March and April 2004. Since then the surface activity of the volcano has quieted down, but activity at depth continues, as indicated by the monitoring system. While the volcano has only been active for the past nine years, the island shows a long history of volcanic activity extending back thousands of years.

Now that the CALIPSO equipment is in place, the researchers plan an island-wide experiment using 100 to 150 additional seismographs. From the data collected, the scientists will create a tomographic image of the island similar to PET scans done by hospitals. The scan will show the current and past magma chambers and provide an underground, three-dimensional map of the island and the volcanic system.

Besides Voight, members of the project are G. S. Mattioli and W. Johnston, Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas; A. T. Linde, I.S. Sacks, N. McWhorter and B. Schleigh, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington; S.R. Young, D. Hidayat, D Elsworth, C. Widiwijayanti and V. Miller, College of Earth & Mineral Sciences, Penn State; P.E. Malin and E. Shalev, Division of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Duke University;
R. Sparks, Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University; J. Neuberg, School of Earth Sciences, Leeds University; V. Bass, P. Dunkley, R. Herd, A. Jolly, G. Norton, T. Syers, G. Thompson and C. Williams, D. Williams, Montserrat Volcano Observatory; and A. B. Clarke, Arizona State University.

The U.S. National Science Foundation and U.K. Natural Environment Research Council supported this work.